Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

there are many demands on her at work

  • 1 demand

    demand [dɪ'mɑ:nd]
    (a) (request firmly) exiger; (money) réclamer;
    ∎ to demand an apology/explanation exiger des excuses/une explication;
    ∎ I demand to see the manager appelez-moi le gérant;
    ∎ they're demanding payment ils réclament le paiement;
    ∎ the terrorists demanded to be flown to Tehran les terroristes exigeaient d'être emmenés en avion à Téhéran;
    ∎ to demand that… exiger que… + subjunctive;
    ∎ pressure groups are demanding that fuller information be released les groupes de pression exigent la publication de plus amples informations;
    ∎ to demand one's rights revendiquer ses droits;
    ∎ she demanded nothing of or from her children elle n'exigeait rien de ses enfants;
    ∎ he demanded to know/to be told the truth il exigeait de connaître/qu'on lui dise la vérité
    (b) (require, necessitate) exiger, réclamer;
    ∎ he doesn't have the imagination demanded of a good writer il n'a pas l'imagination que l'on attend d'un bon écrivain
    2 noun
    (a) (obligation, requirement) exigence f;
    ∎ the demands of motherhood les exigences de la maternité;
    ∎ to make demands on sb exiger beaucoup de qn;
    ∎ his work makes great demands on his time son travail lui prend beaucoup de temps;
    ∎ he makes a lot of emotional demands il a une très grande demande affective;
    ∎ there are many demands on her at work elle est très prise au travail
    (b) (firm request) demande f, réclamation f;
    ∎ demand for payment demande de paiement;
    ∎ payable on demand payable sur demande;
    ∎ wage demands revendications fpl salariales;
    ∎ there have been many demands for the minister's resignation beaucoup de voix se sont élevées pour exiger la démission du ministre;
    ∎ to give in to sb's demands céder aux exigences de qn;
    ∎ you make too many demands on her tu exiges trop d'elle;
    ∎ I have many demands on my time je suis très pris
    (c) Commerce & Economics demande f;
    ∎ to be in (great) demand être (très) demandé ou recherché;
    ∎ American jeans were in great demand in Eastern Europe les jeans américains étaient très demandés ou recherchés dans les pays de l'Est;
    ∎ due to public demand à la demande du public;
    ∎ there is not much demand for books on the subject les livres sur ce sujet ne sont pas très demandés;
    ∎ qualified maths teachers are in increasing demand les professeurs de mathématiques diplômés sont de plus en plus demandés
    sur demande;
    ∎ she's in favour of abortion on demand elle est pour l'avortement libre
    ►► Commerce & Marketing demand analysis analyse f de la demande;
    Finance demand bill bon m à vue;
    demand curve courbe f (d'évolution) de la demande;
    American Banking demand deposit dépôt m à vue;
    American Banking demand deposit account compte m à vue;
    demand driver dynamisant m de la demande;
    demand feeding (of baby) allaitement m à la demande;
    demand forecasting prévision f de la demande;
    demand function fonction f de demande;
    Commerce demand management contrôle m de la demande;
    Finance demand note bon m à vue

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > demand

  • 2 demand

    1. verb
    1) (to ask or ask for firmly and sharply: I demanded an explanation.) exigir
    2) (to require or need: This demands careful thought.) exigir, requerir

    2. noun
    1) (a request made so that it sounds like a command: They refused to meet the workers' demands for more money.) petición
    2) (an urgent claim: The children make demands on my time.) exigencia
    3) (willingness or desire to buy or obtain (certain goods etc); a need for (certain goods etc): There's no demand for books of this kind.) demanda
    •
    - on demand
    demand1 n
    1. exigencia
    2. demanda
    demand2 vb
    1. exigir
    2. preguntar
    "where is my purse?" she demanded "¿dónde está mi monedero?" preguntó con firmeza
    tr[dɪ'mɑːnd]
    1 (request) solicitud nombre femenino, petición nombre femenino; (claim) exigencia; (for pay rise, rights, etc) reclamación nombre femenino
    2 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL demanda
    3 (note, warning) aviso
    1 (call for, insist on) exigir; (rights, conditions, etc) reclamar
    ■ the union is demanding a 6% increase el sindicato exige un aumento del 6%
    2 (need, require) exigir, requerir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    on demand a petición
    to make demands of/on somebody pedir mucho de alguien
    demand [di'mænd] vt
    : demandar, exigir, reclamar
    1) request: petición f, pedido m, demanda f
    by popular demand: a petición del público
    2) claim: reclamación f, exigencia f
    3) market: demanda f
    supply and demand: la oferta y la demanda
    n.
    • demanda (Economía) s.f.
    • exacción s.f.
    • exigencia s.f.
    • petición s.f.
    • reclamación s.f.
    v.
    • demandar v.
    • exigir v.
    • pedir v.
    • postular v.
    • reclamar v.

    I dɪ'mænd, dɪ'mɑːnd
    1) \<\<person\>\> (call for, insist on) exigir*

    what have I done? he demanded — -¿qué he hecho yo? -preguntó

    to demand to + INF — exigir* + inf or que (+ subj)

    she demanded to know the reason — quiso saber el porqué, exigió que se le dijera por qué

    to demand something OF somebody — exigirle* algo a algn

    2) ( require) \<\<determination/perseverance\>\> exigir*, requerir*

    II
    1) c ( claim) exigencia f; (Lab Rel, Pol) reivindicación f, reclamo m; ( request) petición f, pedido m (AmL)

    by popular demand — a petición or (AmL tb) pedido del público

    2) u ( requirement) demanda f

    he's in great demand — está muy solicitado, es popular

    [dɪ'mɑːnd]
    1. N
    1) (=request) petición f, solicitud f ( for de)

    • on demand — a libre disposición de todos, a petición

    • by popular demand — a petición del público

    2) (=urgent claim) exigencia f ; (for payment) aviso m, reclamación f ; (Pol, Ind) reivindicación f

    • final demand — (for payment of bill) último aviso m

    • there are many demands on my time — tengo muchas ocupaciones

    3) (Comm) demanda f ( for de)

    • there is a demand for — existe demanda de

    • to be in great demand, be much in demand — tener mucha demanda; (fig) [person] estar muy solicitado, ser muy popular

    2. VT
    1) (=insist on) exigir; (=claim) reclamar

    he demanded to see my passport — insistió en or exigió ver mi pasaporte

    "who are you?" he demanded — -¿quién es usted? -preguntó

    to demand sth (from or of sb) — exigir algo (a algn)

    • I demand my rights — reclamo mis derechos

    2) (=require) exigir, requerir

    the job demands care — el trabajo exige or requiere cuidado

    3.
    CPD

    demand bill N — letra f a la vista

    demand curve N — curva f de la demanda

    demand draft N — letra f a la vista

    demand management N — control m de la demanda

    demand note N — pagaré m a la vista

    * * *

    I [dɪ'mænd, dɪ'mɑːnd]
    1) \<\<person\>\> (call for, insist on) exigir*

    what have I done? he demanded — -¿qué he hecho yo? -preguntó

    to demand to + INF — exigir* + inf or que (+ subj)

    she demanded to know the reason — quiso saber el porqué, exigió que se le dijera por qué

    to demand something OF somebody — exigirle* algo a algn

    2) ( require) \<\<determination/perseverance\>\> exigir*, requerir*

    II
    1) c ( claim) exigencia f; (Lab Rel, Pol) reivindicación f, reclamo m; ( request) petición f, pedido m (AmL)

    by popular demand — a petición or (AmL tb) pedido del público

    2) u ( requirement) demanda f

    he's in great demand — está muy solicitado, es popular

    English-spanish dictionary > demand

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 set

    set [set]
    jeu ⇒ 1 (a) série ⇒ 1 (a) ensemble ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) cercle ⇒ 1 (b) appareil ⇒ 1 (d) poste ⇒ 1 (d) set ⇒ 1 (e) fixe ⇒ 2 (a) arrêté ⇒ 2 (b) figé ⇒ 2 (b) résolu ⇒ 2 (c) prêt ⇒ 2 (d) mettre ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) poser ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (e), 3 (i) situer ⇒ 3 (b) régler ⇒ 3 (c) fixer ⇒ 3 (f), 3 (i) établir ⇒ 3 (f) faire prendre ⇒ 3 (h) se coucher ⇒ 4 (a) prendre ⇒ 4 (b)
    (pt & pp set, cont setting)
    1 noun
    (a) (of tools, keys, golf clubs, sails) jeu m; (of numbers, names, instructions, stamps, weights) série f; (of books) collection f; (of furniture) ensemble m; (of cutlery, dishes, glasses) service m; (of lingerie) parure f; (of wheels) train m; (of facts, conditions, characteristics, data) ensemble m; (of events, decisions, questions) série f, suite f; Typography (of proofs, characters) jeu m; Computing (of characters, instructions) jeu m, ensemble m;
    ∎ a set of matching luggage un ensemble de valises assorties;
    ∎ a set of table/bed linen une parure de table/de lit;
    ∎ a set of sheets une parure de lit;
    ∎ badminton/chess set jeu m de badminton/d'échecs;
    ∎ they're playing with Damian's train set ils jouent avec le train électrique de Damian;
    ∎ the cups/the chairs are sold in sets of six les tasses/les chaises sont vendues par six;
    ∎ I can't break up the set je ne peux pas les dépareiller;
    ∎ they make a set ils vont ensemble;
    ∎ to collect the (whole) set rassembler toute la collection, faire la collection;
    ∎ he made me a duplicate set (of keys) il m'a fait un double des clés; (of contact lenses) il m'en a fait une autre paire;
    ∎ a full set of the encyclopedia une encyclopédie complète;
    ∎ a full set of Tolstoy's works les œuvres complètes de Tolstoï;
    ∎ they've detected two sets of fingerprints ils ont relevé deux séries d'empreintes digitales ou les empreintes digitales de deux personnes;
    ∎ given another set of circumstances, things might have turned out differently dans d'autres circonstances, les choses auraient pu se passer différemment;
    ∎ the first set of reforms la première série ou le premier train de réformes;
    ∎ they ran a whole set of tests on me ils m'ont fait subir toute une série d'examens
    (b) (social group) cercle m, milieu m;
    ∎ he's not in our set il n'appartient pas à notre cercle;
    ∎ we don't go around in the same set nous ne fréquentons pas le même milieu ou monde;
    ∎ the riding/yachting set le monde ou milieu de l'équitation/du yachting;
    ∎ the literary set les milieux mpl littéraires;
    ∎ the Markham set Markham et ses amis
    (c) Mathematics ensemble m
    (d) (electrical device) appareil m; (radio, TV) poste m;
    ∎ a colour TV set un poste de télévision ou un téléviseur couleur
    (e) Sport set m, manche f;
    ∎ first set to Miss Williams set Williams
    (f) Cinema & Television plateau m; Theatre (stage) scène f; (scenery) décor m;
    ∎ on (the) set Cinema & Television sur le plateau; Theatre sur scène
    (g) (part of performance → by singer, group)
    ∎ he'll be playing two sets tonight il va jouer à deux reprises ce soir;
    ∎ her second set was livelier la deuxième partie de son spectacle a été plus animée
    (h) British School groupe m de niveau
    (i) (for hair) mise f en plis;
    ∎ to have a set se faire faire une mise en plis
    (j) (posture → of shoulders, body) position f, attitude f; (→ of head) port m;
    ∎ I could tell he was angry by the set of his jaw rien qu'à la façon dont il serrait les mâchoires, j'ai compris qu'il était en colère
    (k) (direction → of wind, current) direction f;
    ∎ suddenly the set of the wind changed le vent a tourné soudainement
    (m) Horticulture (seedling) semis m; (cutting) bouture f;
    ∎ tomato/tulip sets tomates fpl/tulipes fpl à repiquer
    (n) (clutch of eggs) couvée f
    (q) (of badger) terrier m
    (a) (specified, prescribed → rule, price, quantity, sum, wage) fixe;
    ∎ meals are at set times les repas sont servis à heures fixes;
    ∎ there are no set rules for raising children il n'y a pas de règles toutes faites pour l'éducation des enfants;
    ∎ the tasks must be done in the set order les tâches doivent être accomplies dans l'ordre prescrit;
    ∎ with no set purpose sans but précis
    (b) (fixed, rigid → ideas, views) arrêté; (→ smile, frown) figé;
    ∎ her day followed a set routine sa journée se déroulait selon un rituel immuable;
    ∎ he has a set way of doing it il a sa méthode pour le faire;
    ∎ to be set in one's ways avoir ses (petites) habitudes;
    ∎ to become set in one's views devenir rigide dans ses opinions
    (c) (intent, resolute) résolu, déterminé;
    ∎ to be set on or upon sth vouloir qch à tout prix;
    ∎ I'm (dead) set on finishing it tonight je suis (absolument) déterminé à le finir ce soir;
    ∎ he's dead set against it il s'y oppose formellement
    (d) (ready, in position) prêt;
    ∎ are you (all) set to go? êtes-vous prêt à partir?
    (e) (likely) probablement;
    ∎ he seems well set to win il semble être sur la bonne voie ou être bien parti pour gagner;
    ∎ house prices are set to rise steeply les prix de l'immobilier vont vraisemblablement monter en flèche
    (f) British School (book, subject) au programme;
    ∎ one of our set books is 'Oliver Twist' un des ouvrages au programme est 'Oliver Twist'
    ∎ he set his cases down on the platform il posa ses valises sur le quai;
    ∎ to set sth before sb (dish, glass) placer qch devant qn; (proposal, plan) présenter qch à qn;
    ∎ she set the steaming bowl before him elle plaça le bol fumant devant lui;
    ∎ to set a proposal before the board présenter un projet au conseil d'administration;
    ∎ to set sb on his/her feet again remettre qn sur pied;
    ∎ to set a match to sth mettre le feu à qch;
    ∎ to set sb ashore débarquer qn
    (b) (usu passive) (locate, situate → building, story) situer;
    ∎ the house is set in large grounds la maison est située dans un grand parc;
    ∎ his eyes are set too close together ses yeux sont trop rapprochés;
    ∎ the story is set in Tokyo l'histoire se passe ou se déroule à Tokyo;
    ∎ her novels are set in the 18th century ses romans se passent au XVIIIème siècle
    (c) (adjust → clock, mechanism) régler; (→ alarm) mettre; Computing (→ tabs, format) poser;
    ∎ I set my watch to New York time j'ai réglé ma montre à l'heure de New York;
    ∎ set your watches an hour ahead avancez vos montres d'une heure;
    ∎ he's so punctual you can set your watch by him! il est si ponctuel qu'on peut régler sa montre sur lui!;
    ∎ I've set the alarm for six j'ai mis le réveil à (sonner pour) six heures;
    ∎ how do I set the margins? comment est-ce que je fais pour placer les marges?;
    ∎ set the timer for one hour mettez le minuteur sur une heure;
    ∎ first set the control knob to the desired temperature mettez tout d'abord le bouton de réglage sur la température voulue;
    ∎ the lever was set in the off position le levier était sur "arrêt"
    (d) (fix into position) mettre, fixer; (jewel, diamond) sertir, monter;
    ∎ the handles are set into the drawers les poignées sont encastrées dans les tiroirs;
    ∎ there was a peephole set in the door il y avait un judas dans la porte;
    ∎ to set a stake in the ground enfoncer ou planter un pieu dans la terre;
    ∎ metal bars had been set in the concrete des barres en métal avaient été fixées dans le béton;
    ∎ the brooch was set with pearls la broche était sertie de perles;
    ∎ the ruby was set in a simple ring le rubis était monté sur un simple anneau;
    ∎ Medicine to set a bone réduire une fracture;
    ∎ figurative his face was set in a frown son visage était figé dans une grimace renfrognée;
    ∎ she set her jaw and refused to budge elle serra les dents et refusa de bouger;
    ∎ we had set ourselves to resist nous étions déterminés à résister
    (e) (lay, prepare in advance → trap) poser, tendre;
    ∎ to set the table mettre le couvert ou la table;
    ∎ to set the table for two mettre deux couverts;
    ∎ set an extra place at table rajoutez un couvert
    (f) (establish → date, price, schedule, terms) fixer, déterminer; (→ rule, guideline, objective, target) établir; (→ mood, precedent) créer;
    ∎ they still haven't set a date for the party ils n'ont toujours pas fixé de date pour la réception;
    ∎ you've set yourself a tough deadline or a tough deadline for yourself vous vous êtes fixé un délai très court;
    ∎ it's up to them to set their own production targets c'est à eux d'établir ou de fixer leurs propres objectifs de production;
    ∎ a deficit ceiling has been set un plafonnement du déficit a été imposé ou fixé ou décidé;
    ∎ to set a value on sth décider de la valeur de qch;
    ∎ figurative they set a high value on creativity ils accordent une grande valeur à la créativité;
    ∎ the price was set at £500 le prix a été fixé à 500 livres;
    ∎ the judge set bail at $1,000 le juge a fixé la caution à 1000 dollars;
    ∎ how are exchange rates set? comment les taux de change sont-ils déterminés?;
    ∎ to set an age limit at… fixer une limite d'âge à…;
    ∎ to set a new fashion or trend lancer une nouvelle mode;
    ∎ to set a new world record établir un nouveau record mondial;
    ∎ to set the tone for or of sth donner le ton de qch
    ∎ to set sth alight or on fire mettre le feu à qch;
    ∎ it sets my nerves on edge ça me crispe;
    ∎ also figurative she set me in the right direction elle m'a mis sur la bonne voie;
    ∎ to set sb against sb monter qn contre qn;
    ∎ he/the incident set the taxman on my trail il/l'incident a mis le fisc sur ma piste;
    ∎ to set the dogs on sb lâcher les chiens sur qn;
    ∎ the incident set the family against him l'incident a monté la famille contre lui;
    ∎ it will set the country on the road to economic recovery cela va mettre le pays sur la voie de la reprise économique;
    ∎ his failure set him thinking son échec lui a donné à réfléchir;
    ∎ the scandal will set the whole town talking le scandale va faire jaser toute la ville;
    ∎ to set the dog barking faire aboyer le chien;
    ∎ the wind set the leaves dancing le vent a fait frissonner les feuilles;
    ∎ to set a machine going mettre une machine en marche
    (h) (solidify → yoghurt, jelly, concrete) faire prendre;
    ∎ pectin will help to set the jam la pectine aidera à épaissir la confiture
    (i) (pose → problem) poser; (assign → task) fixer;
    ∎ the strikers' demands set the management a difficult problem les exigences des grévistes posent un problème difficile à la direction;
    ∎ I set them to work tidying the garden je les ai mis au désherbage du jardin;
    ∎ I've set myself the task of writing to them regularly je me suis fixé la tâche de leur écrire régulièrement
    (j) British School (exam) composer, choisir les questions de; (books, texts) mettre au programme;
    ∎ she set the class a maths exercise, she set a maths exercise for the class elle a donné un exercice de maths à la classe;
    ∎ who sets the test questions? qui choisit les questions de l'épreuve?
    ∎ to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn;
    ∎ and I've just had my hair set! et je viens de me faire faire une mise en plis!;
    ∎ I set my own hair je me fais moi-même mes mises en plis
    (m) Typography (text, page) composer;
    ∎ to set type composer
    (n) Music (poem, words)
    ∎ to set sth to music mettre qch en musique
    (a) (sun, moon, stars) se coucher;
    ∎ we saw the sun setting nous avons vu le coucher du soleil
    (b) (become firm → glue, cement, plaster, jelly, yoghurt) prendre;
    ∎ her features had set in an expression of determination ses traits s'étaient durcis en une expression de très forte détermination
    (c) (bone) se ressouder
    (d) (start) se mettre;
    ∎ he set to work il s'est mis au travail
    (e) (plant, tree) prendre racine
    (f) (hen) couver
    (g) (wind, tide)
    ∎ the wind looks set fair to the east on dirait un vent d'ouest
    (h) Hunting (hound) tomber en arrêt
    ►► Theatre, Cinema & Television set designer décorateur(trice) m,f;
    Grammar set expression expression f figée;
    set figures (in skating) figures fpl imposées;
    Grammar set phrase expression f figée;
    (a) Art, Literature & Music morceau m de bravoure
    (b) (fireworks) pièce f (de feu) d'artifice
    (c) (of scenery) élément m de décor
    (d) Sport combinaison f préparée ou calculée;
    Sport set point (in tennis) balle f de set;
    Technology set screw vis f de réglage;
    Sport set scrum (in rugby) mêlée f fermée;
    set square équerre f (à dessiner);
    set task tâche f assignée;
    ∎ to give sb a set task to do assigner à qn une tâche bien précise;
    Mathematics set theory théorie f des ensembles
    (a) (start → task) se mettre à;
    ∎ she set about changing the tyre elle s'est mise à changer le pneu;
    ∎ I didn't know how to set about it je ne savais pas comment m'y prendre;
    ∎ how does one set about getting a visa? comment fait-on pour obtenir un visa?
    (b) (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à;
    ∎ he set about the mugger with his umbrella il s'en est pris à son agresseur à coups de parapluie
    ∎ to set sth against sth comparer qch à qch;
    ∎ to set the benefits against the costs évaluer les bénéfices par rapport aux coûts;
    ∎ we must set the government's promises against its achievements nous devons examiner les promesses du gouvernement à la lumière de ses actions
    ∎ some of these expenses can be set against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts
    (c) (friends, family) monter contre;
    ∎ religious differences have set family against family les différences religieuses ont monté les familles les unes contre les autres;
    ∎ to set oneself or one's face against sth s'opposer résolument à qch
    ∎ to set the clock ahead avancer l'horloge;
    ∎ we're setting the clocks ahead tonight on change d'heure cette nuit
    (a) (place separately → object) mettre à part ou de côté;
    ∎ there was one deck chair set slightly apart from the others il y avait une chaise longue un peu à l'écart des autres;
    ∎ they set themselves apart ils faisaient bande à part
    (b) (distinguish) distinguer ( from de);
    ∎ her talent sets her apart from the other students son talent la distingue des autres étudiants
    (a) (put down → knitting, book) poser;
    ∎ could you set aside what you're working on for a while? pouvez-vous laisser ce que vous êtes en train de faire un moment?
    (b) (reserve, keep → time, place) réserver; (→ money) mettre de côté; (→ arable land) mettre en friche;
    ∎ I've set tomorrow aside for house hunting j'ai réservé la journée de demain pour chercher une maison;
    ∎ the room is set aside for meetings la pièce est réservée aux réunions;
    ∎ can you set the book aside for me? pourriez-vous me mettre ce livre de côté?;
    ∎ chop the onions and set them aside coupez les oignons et réservez-les
    (c) (overlook, disregard) mettre de côté, oublier, passer sur;
    ∎ they set their differences aside in order to work together ils ont mis de côté leurs différences pour travailler ensemble
    (d) (reject → dogma, proposal, offer) rejeter
    (e) Law (annul → contract, will) annuler; (→ verdict, judgment) casser
    ∎ the building is set back slightly from the road l'immeuble est un peu en retrait par rapport à la route
    (b) (delay → plans, progress) retarder;
    ∎ his illness set him back a month in his work sa maladie l'a retardé d'un mois dans son travail;
    ∎ the news may set him or his recovery back la nouvelle risque de retarder sa guérison;
    ∎ this decision will set the economy back ten years cette décision va faire revenir l'économie dix ans en arrière
    (c) familiar (cost) coûter à□ ;
    ∎ the trip will set her back a bit le voyage va lui coûter cher
    (a) (tray, bag etc) poser
    (b) British (passenger) déposer;
    ∎ the bus sets you down in front of the station le bus vous dépose devant la gare
    (c) (note, record) noter, inscrire;
    ∎ try and set your thoughts down on paper essayez de mettre vos pensées par écrit
    (d) (establish → rule, condition) établir, fixer;
    ∎ the government has set down a margin for pay increases le gouvernement a fixé une fourchette pour les augmentations de salaire;
    ∎ permissible levels of pollution are set down in the regulations les taux de pollution tolérés sont fixés dans les réglementations;
    ∎ to set sth down in writing coucher qch par écrit;
    ∎ it is clearly set down that drivers must be insured il est clairement signalé ou indiqué que tout conducteur doit être assuré
    formal (expound → plan, objections) exposer, présenter;
    ∎ the recommendations are set forth in the last chapter les recommandations sont détaillées ou énumérées dans le dernier chapitre
    literary partir, se mettre en route
    ➲ set in
    (problems) survenir, surgir; (disease) se déclarer; (winter) commencer; (night) tomber;
    ∎ if infection sets in si la plaie s'infecte;
    ∎ the bad weather has set in for the winter le mauvais temps s'est installé pour tout l'hiver;
    ∎ panic set in (began) la panique éclata; (lasted) la panique s'installa
    Sewing (sleeve) monter
    ➲ set off
    (a) (alarm) déclencher; (bomb) faire exploser; (fireworks) faire partir
    (b) (reaction, process, war) déclencher, provoquer;
    ∎ their offer set off another round of talks leur proposition a déclenché une autre série de négociations;
    ∎ it set her off on a long tirade against bureaucracy cela eut pour effet de la lancer dans une longue tirade contre la bureaucratie;
    ∎ to set sb off laughing faire rire qn;
    ∎ this answer set them off (laughing) cette réponse a déclenché les rires;
    ∎ one look at his face set me off again en le voyant, mon fou rire a repris de plus belle;
    ∎ if you say anything it'll only set him off (crying) again si tu dis quoi que ce soit, il va se remettre à pleurer;
    ∎ the smallest amount of pollen will set her off la moindre dose de pollen lui déclenche une réaction allergique;
    ∎ don't mention Maradona or you'll set him off again surtout ne prononce pas le nom de Maradona sinon il va recommencer;
    ∎ someone mentioned the war and of course that set Uncle Arthur off quelqu'un prononça le mot guerre, et évidemment, oncle Arthur embraya aussitôt sur le sujet;
    ∎ figurative to set sb off on the wrong track mettre qn sur une fausse piste
    (c) (enhance) mettre en valeur;
    ∎ the vase sets off the flowers beautifully le vase met vraiment les fleurs en valeur
    ∎ some of these expenses can be set off against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts
    partir, se mettre en route;
    ∎ he set off at a run il est parti en courant;
    ∎ I set off to explore the town je suis parti explorer la ville;
    ∎ after lunch, we set off again après le déjeuner, nous avons repris la route
    ➲ set on
    (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à
    ∎ to set the police on the tracks of a thief mettre la police aux trousses d'un voleur;
    ∎ to set sb on his/her way mettre qn sur les rails
    ∎ to set a dog on sb lâcher un chien sur qn
    ➲ set out
    (a) (arrange → chairs, game pieces) disposer; (→ merchandise) étaler;
    ∎ the shopping centre is very well set out le centre commercial est très bien conçu
    (b) (present → ideas) exposer, présenter;
    ∎ the information is set out in the table below ces données sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous
    (a) (leave) se mettre en route, partir;
    ∎ just as he was setting out au moment de son départ;
    ∎ to set out for school partir pour l'école;
    ∎ to set out again repartir;
    ∎ to set out in pursuit/in search of sb se mettre à la poursuite/à la recherche de qn
    ∎ he has trouble finishing what he sets out to do il a du mal à terminer ce qu'il entreprend;
    ∎ I can't remember now what I set out to do je ne me souviens plus de ce que je voulais faire à l'origine;
    ∎ they all set out with the intention of changing the world au début, ils veulent tous changer le monde;
    ∎ she didn't deliberately set out to annoy you il n'était pas dans ses intentions de vous froisser;
    ∎ his theory sets out to prove that… sa théorie a pour objet de prouver que…
    (a) (begin work) commencer, s'y mettre;
    ∎ we set to with a will nous nous y sommes mis avec ardeur
    (b) familiar (two people → start arguing) avoir une prise de bec; (→ start fighting) en venir aux mains
    ➲ set up
    (a) (install → equipment, computer) installer; (→ roadblock) installer, disposer; (→ experiment) préparer;
    ∎ everything's set up for the show tout est préparé ou prêt pour le spectacle;
    ∎ set the chairs up in a circle mettez ou disposez les chaises en cercle;
    ∎ he set the chessboard up il a disposé les pièces sur l'échiquier;
    ∎ the equation sets up a relation between the two variables l'équation établit un rapport entre les deux variables;
    ∎ the system wasn't set up to handle so many users le système n'était pas conçu pour gérer autant d'usagers;
    ∎ he set the situation up so she couldn't refuse il a arrangé la situation de telle manière qu'elle ne pouvait pas refuser
    (b) (erect, build → tent, furniture kit, crane, flagpole) monter; (→ shed, shelter) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger;
    ∎ to set up camp installer ou dresser le camp
    (c) (start up, institute → business, scholarship) créer; (→ hospital, school) fonder; (→ committee, task force) constituer; (→ system of government, republic) instaurer; (→ programme, review process, system) mettre en place; (→ inquiry) ouvrir; (→ dinner, meeting, appointment) organiser;
    ∎ to set up house or home s'installer;
    ∎ they set up house together ils se sont mis en ménage;
    ∎ to set up a dialogue entamer le dialogue;
    ∎ you'll be in charge of setting up training programmes vous serez responsable de la mise en place des programmes de formation;
    ∎ the medical system set up after the war le système médical mis en place après la guerre
    (d) (financially, in business → person) installer, établir;
    ∎ he set his son up in a dry-cleaning business il a acheté à son fils une entreprise de nettoyage à sec;
    ∎ she could finally set herself up as an accountant elle pourrait enfin s'installer comme comptable;
    ∎ the money would set him up for life l'argent le mettrait à l'abri du besoin pour le restant de ses jours;
    ∎ the army set him up as a dictator l'armée l'installa comme dictateur
    ∎ we're well set up with supplies nous sommes bien approvisionnés;
    ∎ she can set you up with a guide/the necessary papers elle peut vous procurer un guide/les papiers qu'il vous faut;
    ∎ I can set you up with a girlfriend of mine je peux te présenter à ou te faire rencontrer une de mes copines
    (f) (restore energy to) remonter, remettre sur pied;
    ∎ have a brandy, that'll set you up prends un cognac, ça va te remonter
    (g) familiar (frame) monter un coup contre;
    ∎ she claims she was set up elle prétend qu'elle est victime d'un coup monté;
    ∎ he was set up as the fall guy on a fait de lui le bouc émissaire□, il a joué le rôle de bouc émissaire□
    (h) Typography (text) composer
    s'installer, s'établir;
    ∎ he's setting up in the fast-food business il se lance dans la restauration rapide;
    ∎ to set up on one's own (business) s'installer à son compte; (home) prendre son propre appartement
    (physically or verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > set

  • 5 way

    wei 1. noun
    1) (an opening or passageway: This is the way in/out; There's no way through.) vei
    2) (a route, direction etc: Which way shall we go?; Which is the way to Princes Street?; His house is on the way from here to the school; Will you be able to find your/the way to my house?; Your house is on my way home; The errand took me out of my way; a motorway.) vei, retning
    3) (used in the names of roads: His address is 21 Melville Way.) vei
    4) (a distance: It's a long way to the school; The nearest shops are only a short way away.) avstand
    5) (a method or manner: What is the easiest way to write a book?; I know a good way of doing it; He's got a funny way of talking; This is the quickest way to chop onions.) metode, måte, skikk
    6) (an aspect or side of something: In some ways this job is quite difficult; In a way I feel sorry for him.) måte
    7) (a characteristic of behaviour; a habit: He has some rather unpleasant ways.) vane
    8) (used with many verbs to give the idea of progressing or moving: He pushed his way through the crowd; They soon ate their way through the food.) (bane) vei; gjennom; (gi) etter
    2. adverb
    ((especially American) by a long distance or time; far: The winner finished the race way ahead of the other competitors; It's way past your bedtime.) langt; høyt
    - wayside
    - be/get on one's way
    - by the way
    - fall by the wayside
    - get/have one's own way
    - get into / out of the way of doing something
    - get into / out of the way of something
    - go out of one's way
    - have a way with
    - have it one's own way
    - in a bad way
    - in
    - out of the/someone's way
    - lose one's way
    - make one's way
    - make way for
    - make way
    - under way
    - way of life
    - ways and means
    fart
    --------
    måte
    --------
    retning
    --------
    vis
    I
    subst. \/weɪ\/
    1) ( om retning) vei
    • can you tell me the way to the mall?
    • this way, please
    denne veien, takk
    2) utvei, råd, mulighet, løsning
    3) ( fremgangsmåte) måte, vis
    • do you know the right way to do this?
    • do it your own way!
    4) vis, måte, henseende
    5) ( gammeldags) vei, sti
    6) ( personlig egenskap) vesen, måte å være på, atferd
    7) ( gammeldags) bransje, fag, område
    8) (sjøfart, gammeldags) fart
    9) (etter stedsnavn, hverdagslig) -traktene
    allow somebody his\/her own way la noen få det som han\/hun vil
    all the way ( også overført) hele veien, for alle penga, helt
    any way hvilken som helst vei, (til) hvilken som helst retning (på) hvilken som helst måte i alle tilfeller, uansett, likevel
    ask the\/one's way spørre om veien, spørre seg frem
    be by the way ( om kommentar eller bemerkning) mangle betydning, ikke vedkomme sammenhengen
    beg one's way tigge seg frem
    be in a way about something være opprørt over noe
    be in the way of være i veien for
    be on the way være på vei
    be on the way in\/out (hverdagslig, om moter og trender) være på vei inn\/ut, begynne å bli populær(t)\/upopulær(t), begynne å bli moderne\/umoderne
    be under way være i gang, være underveis, gjøre fremskritt ( sjøfart) i fart
    be well on the\/one's way være et godt stykke på vei ( overført) være på god vei
    borrow one's way låne seg frem
    by a long way ( overført) langt på vei
    by the way ( gammeldags) nær veien, ved veien, inntil veien
    i forbifarten forresten, apropos, forøvrig
    • by the way, do you know if she's at home today?
    forresten, vet du om hun er hjemme i dag?
    by way of via, over, gjennom
    som, til
    for å, i den hensikt å
    clear the way bane vei, gi plass
    clear the way! ut av veien!, unna vei!
    come a long way komme langveisfra ( overført) nå langt
    come somebody's way komme på noens trakter
    • if a great fortune should come my way, I would leave this godforsaken place
    hvis en stor formue skulle komme meg til del, ville jeg forlate dette gudsforlatte stedet
    come up the hard way gå den lange veien, arbeide seg opp fra ingenting
    cut one's way bane seg vei
    down our way ( hverdagslig) nede hos oss, hjemme hos oss, i våre trakter, der vi kommer fra
    forklaring: holde på en hest som vinner eller på plassering
    hver vei
    either way begge veier fra eller til, uansett
    every which way (amer.) alle veier
    alle midler, alle måter
    fall somebody's way komme noen til del, komme noen til gode
    feel one's way forsøke seg frem, føle seg for\/frem
    fight one's way ( også overført) kjempe seg frem, slå seg gjennom, slå seg frem, bryte seg vei
    find a\/some way ( overført) finne (på) en utvei, finne en løsning, finne på noe
    fumble one's way famle seg frem, famle etter veien
    get into the way of venne seg til, sette seg inn i
    get one's way få viljen sin
    get one's way with (få lov til å) ha sex med
    get out of someone's way ( også overført) holde seg unna noen, ikke stå i veien for noen
    • she was angry with me, so I got out of her way
    hun var sint på meg, så jeg holdt meg unna henne
    get something out of the way bli kvitt noe, kvitte seg med noe, rydde noe av veien
    get under way komme i gang, få i gang ( sjøfart) komme i sig
    go a great way with somebody bety mye for noen ha stor innflytelse hos noen
    go all the way løpe linen ut, ta steget fullt ut samtykke helt og holdent ( hverdagslig) ha sex (med noen)
    go a long way eller go a great way eller go far ( også overført) gå langt rekke langt, være drøy bidra sterkt
    go a long way round gå en skikkelig omvei
    go\/take one's own way ( overført) gå sin egen vei, handle etter eget hode
    go one's way ( litterært) gå sin vei
    go out of one's way ta en omvei, gjøre en avstikker
    ( overført) gjøre seg ekstra besvær, virkelig anstrenge seg
    go over in a big way slå voldsomt an, gjøre enorm suksess
    go someone's way gå bra for noen, gå i noens favør
    gå samme vei som noen
    • are you going my way?
    go the right way about it gripe saken riktig an, begynne i riktig ende
    go the right way to work gripe saken riktig an
    go the way of all flesh eller go the way of all the earth eller go the way of nature gå all kjødets gang, vandre heden, forgå, gå til grunne, dø
    have a way of ha en tendens til å, pleie å
    have a way with something\/someone ha et (godt) lag med noe\/noen, ha tekke
    have (it) one's own way eller have one's way få det som man vil, bestemme selv, få viljen sin
    • have it your own way!
    • if I had my way...
    om jeg fikk bestemme...
    have it both ways få både i pose og sekk
    have way on ( sjøfart) ha (god) fart
    hold\/keep one's way gå på, fortsette
    in all ways på alle vis, i alle henseender, på alle (mulige) måter
    in any way på noe vis
    • can I help you in any way?
    på en hvilken som helst måte
    in a way på sett og vis, på en måte
    in a small way i liten skala\/målestokk
    in no way ikke i det hele tatt, på ingen måte
    in one way på sett og vis, på en måte
    in some ways på sett og vis, på en måte
    in the way i veien ( gammeldags) i nærheten
    in the way of ( overført) i form av, med hensyn til, av
    • what shall we give her in the way of a present?
    in this way på denne måten
    it cuts both ways ( overført) det er på både godt og vondt, det er et tveegget sverd, det går i begge retninger, det slår begge veier
    keep out of someone's way ( overført) gå ut av veien for noen, holde seg ute av veien for noen, holde seg unna noen
    know one's way about kjenne til veiene, være bra orientert kunne klare seg ha rede på saker og ting
    lead the way (gå foran og) vise veien
    learn (something) the hard way arbeide seg opp fra bunnen, lære (noe) av erfaring, måtte slite for noe
    light somebody the way ( gammeldags) lyse veien for noen
    a little goes a long way det skal ikke så mye til, det er drøyt
    live in a large\/small way leve flott\/enkelt
    the longest way round is the nearest way home den korteste veien er ikke alltid den raskeste
    look the other way eller look another way se en annen vei, se bort, vende seg bort
    lose the\/one's way gå (seg) vill, kjøre (seg) bort
    lose way ( sjøfart) miste fart
    make one's own way slå seg frem på egen hånd
    make one's way ( også overført) bane seg frem, ta seg frem, komme seg frem
    make way gi plass, gå ut av veien, flytte seg ( sjøfart) gjøre fart, få fart
    make way for gi plass til, gå ut av veien for, flytte seg for
    navigate one's way manøvrere seg (frem)
    not by a long way ikke på langt nær
    • he is not the best solicitor in town, not by a long way
    not know which way to turn ikke vite hva man skal ta seg til, ikke vite hvor man skal ta veien, ikke vite verken ut eller inn
    • when I lost my job last year, I didn't know which way to turn
    da jeg mistet jobben i fjor, visste jeg ikke hva jeg skulle ta meg til
    no two ways about it ingen tvil om den saken
    no way! ( hverdagslig) aldri i livet! det er ikke sant!, du tuller!
    one way or another\/the other eller some way or other på en eller annen måte, på ett eller annet vis
    the other way (a)round eller the other way about omvendt, tvert om
    • Adam didn't kiss Sue. It was the other way round. She kissed Adam.
    out of the way bort, unna, utenfor rekkevidde
    avsides uvanlig, original (amer.) upassende, malplassert
    over the way på den andre siden (av gaten), midt i mot
    pay one's (own) way betale for seg, gjøre opp for seg være lønnsom, bære seg
    push one's way trenge seg frem ( overført) slå seg frem, albue seg frem
    put oneself out of the way (for somebody) gjøre seg umak (for noens skyld), anstrenge seg (for noens skyld)
    put somebody in the way of something skaffe noen noe, hjelpe noen med noe, gi noen sjansen til noe
    put somebody out of the way bli kvitt noen, kvitte seg med noen, rydde noen av veien
    put something in the way of someone\/something ( også overført) legge hindringer i noens vei, forhindre noe
    • I know I put something in the way of Sam's career opportunities when I refused to promote him
    see somebody on his\/her way følge noen (på veien), følge noen ut
    set\/put somebody on his\/her way følge noen et stykke på vei(en)
    stand in somebody's way ( også overført) stå i veien for noen, blokkere noen
    start someone on the way hjelpe noen i gang (med noe), følge noen et stykke på vei(en)
    • it was getting dark, so he started me on the way
    det begynte å bli mørkt, så han fulgte meg et stykke på vei
    take one's way ta veien, begi seg
    that's the way it is sånn er livet, slik er det bare
    this way and that hit og dit
    thumb one's way reise på tommelen, haike
    up someone's way ( hverdagslig) oppe hos noen, hjemme hos noen, i noens trakter
    way! eller yes way! (slang, som svar på uttrykket no way!) jeg tuller ikke!, det er sant!
    way in inngang, vei inn
    way of life livsstil, livsførsel, levesett
    way of living levesett, levemåte
    the way of the Cross ( religion) Via dolorosa (veien Jesus gikk til Golgata der han ble korsfestet) forklaring: billedserie med fjorten stasjoner som skildrer Via dolorosa ( overført) en kristens lidelse og selvoppofrelse
    way out utgang, vei ut
    • which is the way out?
    ( overført) utvei
    ways se ➢ ways
    ways and means pengemidler, ressurser ( parlamentarisk) måte (å skaffe seg penger på)
    way to go! (amer., hverdagslig) bra gjort!, kjempebra!, slik skal det gjøres!, sånn ja!
    whichever way you look at it hvordan man enn ser på det, hvordan man enn snur og vender på det
    work one's way arbeide seg frem, bane seg vei
    work one's way into something trykke\/presse seg inn i noe
    work one's way up arbeide seg opp, gjøre karriere
    the wrong way round feil vei, bak frem
    II
    adv. \/weɪ\/ eller away
    1) langt, høyt, veldig
    2) (amer.) altfor
    the way ( irsk) slik at, sånn at, for å
    jeg dro tidlig, slik at jeg unngikk trafikken
    way above ( også overført) skyhøyt over, langt over
    way back when ( hverdagslig) (for) lenge, lenge siden
    • I remember her from school, but that was way back when
    jeg husker henne fra skolen, men det er lenge, lenge siden
    way cool! råbra!
    • the bike is way cool!

    English-Norwegian dictionary > way

  • 6 demand

    I [dɪ'mɑːnd] [AE dɪ'mænd]
    1) (request) domanda f., richiesta f.

    on demand — [ access] a richiesta; econ. [ payable] a vista

    2) (pressure) esigenza f., pretesa f.
    3) econ. domanda f. ( for di)
    II [dɪ'mɑːnd] [AE dɪ'mænd]
    1) (request) chiedere [reform, release]; (forcefully) esigere, pretendere [attention, ransom]
    2) (require) richiedere [patience, skill, time] (of sb. da parte di qcn.); (more imperatively) esigere [punctuality, qualities]
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to ask or ask for firmly and sharply: I demanded an explanation.) esigere
    2) (to require or need: This demands careful thought.) richiedere
    2. noun
    1) (a request made so that it sounds like a command: They refused to meet the workers' demands for more money.) richiesta
    2) (an urgent claim: The children make demands on my time.) esigenza
    3) (willingness or desire to buy or obtain (certain goods etc); a need for (certain goods etc): There's no demand for books of this kind.) richiesta
    •
    - on demand
    * * *
    demand /dɪˈmɑ:nd/
    n.
    1 richiesta: to meet (o to satisfy) sb. 's demands, accogliere le richieste di q.; They refused to satisfy our demands, hanno rifiutato di accogliere le nostre richieste; There is a great demand for computer programmers, c'è una grande richiesta di programmatori; The board rejected demands that they should limit executive pay, il consiglio ha respinto le richieste di limitare gli stipendi dei dirigenti
    2 (pl.) esigenze; pretese: Her family makes huge demands on her time, la sua famiglia esige moltissimo del suo tempo; to balance the demands of work and study, conciliare le esigenze del lavoro e dello studio
    3 [u] (econ.) domanda: Demand for consumer goods exceeds supply, la domanda di beni di consumo supera l'offerta; the demand curve, la curva della domanda; aggregate demand, domanda aggregata; peak demand, domanda di punta
    5 rivendicazione ( sindacale): The union has presented a series of demands on pay and conditions, il sindacato ha presentato una serie di rivendicazioni relative a salari e condizioni
    ● (fin.) demand bill (o draft), tratta a vista □ ( banca) demand deposit, deposito libero (o a vista); ( USA) deposito in conto corrente □ (fin.) demand for liquidity, domanda di liquidità □ (econ.) demand (o demand-pull) inflation, inflazione da (eccesso di) domanda □ demand-led, determinato dalla domanda: demand-led growth, crescita determinata dalla domanda; a demand-led education system, un sistema di istruzione conforme alla domanda □ (econ., org. az.) demand management, gestione della domanda □ (org. az.) demand matching, adeguamento della produzione alle variazioni della domanda □ (comput.) demand paging, paginazione su richiesta ( allocazione dinamica nella memoria centrale) □ (comput.) demand processing, elaborazione immediata ( sulla base delle richieste) □ (fin.) demand rate, corso (o tasso) a vista □ (econ.) the demand trend, l'andamento della domanda □ to be in demand, essere richiesto, ricercato: He is much in demand as an entertainer, è molto richiesto come intrattenitore □ by popular demand, a grande richiesta: By popular demand, the show is being extended for two weeks, a grande richiesta, lo spettacolo è stato prorogato di due settimane □ (comm.) on demand, a richiesta; a vista: A cheque is payable on demand, l'assegno bancario è pagabile a vista.
    ♦ (to) demand /dɪˈmɑ:nd/
    v. t.
    1 chiedere fermamente, insistere nel chiedere: «What do you mean?», she demanded, «Cosa intendi?», chiese; I demand to know what's going on, insisto nel voler essere informato di cosa sta succedendo; The terrorists are demanding the release of political prisoners, i terroristi chiedono la liberazione dei prigionieri politici; They demanded that the strike be called off, hanno insistito nel chiedere che lo sciopero fosse revocato
    2 esigere; pretendere: The seller demands immediate payment, il venditore esige il pagamento immediato; He demanded instant obedience, pretendeva obbedienza immediata; The situation demands immediate action, la situazione esige un'azione immediata; This job demands a great deal of skill, questo lavoro richiede molta abilità; He demands a lot of his students, esige molto dai suoi studenti; They demand complete loyalty from their staff, pretendono una lealtà assoluta dai loro dipendenti; We will provide further resources as the situation demands, forniremo ulteriori risorse qualora la situazione lo richieda.
    NOTA D'USO: - to demand o to ask?-
    * * *
    I [dɪ'mɑːnd] [AE dɪ'mænd]
    1) (request) domanda f., richiesta f.

    on demand — [ access] a richiesta; econ. [ payable] a vista

    2) (pressure) esigenza f., pretesa f.
    3) econ. domanda f. ( for di)
    II [dɪ'mɑːnd] [AE dɪ'mænd]
    1) (request) chiedere [reform, release]; (forcefully) esigere, pretendere [attention, ransom]
    2) (require) richiedere [patience, skill, time] (of sb. da parte di qcn.); (more imperatively) esigere [punctuality, qualities]

    English-Italian dictionary > demand

  • 7 give

    1. I
    the door gave дверь подалась; the ice gave лед сломался /не выдержал/; the foundations are giving фундамент оседает; at the height of the storm the bridge gave в самый разгар бури мост не выдержал и рухнул; his knees seemed to give ему казалось, что у него подкашиваются ноги; the branch gave but did not break ветка прогнулась, но не сломалась; а soft chair (a bed, a mattress, etc.) gives [when one sits on it] мягкий стул и т. д. проминается [, когда на него садятся]; the frost is beginning to give мороз начинает слабеть
    2. II
    1) give in some manner. give generously /unsparingly, abundantly/ щедро и т. д. давать /дарить, одаривать/; give grudgingly нехотя делать подарки
    2) give in some manner this chair (the mattress, the bed, etc.) gives comfortably (a lot) этот стул и т. д. приятно (сильно) проминается; the springs won't give enough /much/ пружины довольно тугие; the горе has given a good deal веревка сильно растянулась /ослабла/; give for some time the frost did not give all day мороз не отпускал весь день
    3. III
    give smth.
    1) give food (medicine, L 3, etc.) давать еду и т. д., give presents дарить /делать/ подарки; give a grant давать дотацию /пособие/; give a scholarship предоставлять стипендию; give a medal награждать медалью; give alms подавать милостыню
    2) give a message передавать записку /сообщение/; give one's regards передать привет
    3) give a large crop (10 per cent profit, etc.) приносить / давать/ большой урожай и т. д.; give fruit плодоносить; give milk давать молоке; give heat излучать тепло; the lamp gives a poor light лампа светит тускло /дает, излучает тусклый свет/; his work gives good results его работа дает хорошие результаты; two times two /two multiplied by two/ gives four дважды два give четыре
    4) give facts (news, details, the following figures, etc.) приводить /сообщать/ факты и т. д.; give an example /an instance/ приводить /давать/ пример: the dictionary doesn't give this word в словаре нет этого слова; the list gives ten names в списке [приведено /указано/] / список содержит/ десять имен; he gave a full account of the event он все рассказал /дал полный отчет/ об этом событии; he gave no particulars он не сообщил никаких подробностей; give a portrait (a character, the scenery of the country, etc.) нарисовать портрет и т. д.; in his book he gives a description of their customs в своей книге он описывает их нравы; give evidence /testimony/ давать показания; give one's name and address дать /назвать/ свой фамилию и адрес
    5) the thermometer gives forty degrees термометр показывает сорок градусов; the barometer gives rain барометр пошел на дождь; give no sign of life не подавать признаков жизни; give no sign of recognition a) не подать виду, что узнал; б) не узнать; give no sign of embarrassment нисколько не смутиться
    6) give a dinner (a dinner party, a ball, a party, a concert, a performance, etc.) давать /устраивать/ обед и т. д.
    7) give lessons (instruction, exact information, etc.) давать уроки и т. д., give smth. in smth. give lessons in mathematics (instruction in golf, etc.) давать уроки по математике и т. д.; give smth. on smth. give lectures on psychology (on biology, on various subjects, etc.) читать лекции по психологии и т. д., give a lecture прочитать лекцию, выступить с лекцией; give a song (one of Beethoven's sonatas, a concerto, etc.) исполнять песню и т. д., give a recital (a recitation) выступать с сольным концертом (с художественным чтением)
    8) give one's good wishes желать всего доброго / хорошего/; give one's blessing давать свое благословение: give a toast провозглашать тост; give smb.'s health /the health of smb./ поднимать тост за чье-л. здоровье
    9) give a point in the argument уступить по одному какому-л. вопросу в споре; give way /ground/ отступать, сдавать [свои] позиции; the army (our troops, the crowd, etc.) gave way армия и т. д. отступила; the door (the axle, the railing, etc.) gave way дверь и т. д. подалась; the bridge (the ice, the floor, the ground, etc.) gave way мост и т. д. провалился; the rope /the line/ gave way веревка лопнула; my legs gave way у меня подкосились ноги; his health is giving way его здоровье пошатнулось; his strength is giving way силы оставляют его; if he argues don't give way если он будет спорить, не уступайте
    10) give a decision сообщать решение; give judg (e)ment выносить приговор; give notice а) предупреждать о предстоящем увольнении; б) уведомлять
    11) semiaux give a look /а glance/ взглянуть, бросить взгляд; give a jump /а leap/ (под)прыгнуть, сделать прыжок; give a push (a pull) толкнуть (потянуть); give a kick ударить ногой, лягнуть; give a smile улыбнуться; give a kiss поцеловать; give a loud laugh громко засмеяться /рассмеяться/; give a cry /а shout/ издавать крик; give a sigh вздохнуть; give a groan застонать; give a sob всхлипнуть; give a start вздрогнуть; give a nod кивнуть; give a shake [of one's head] отрицательно покачать головой; give an injection делать укол; give a shrug of the shoulders пожать плечами; give a wave of the hand махнуть рукой; give a blow ударить; give a rebuff давать отпор; give a beating задать порку, избить; give chase пускаться в погоню; give a wag of the tail вильнуть хвостом; give an order (a command, instructions, etc.) отдавать приказ /распоряжение/ и т. д.; give an answer /а reply/ давать ответ, отвечать; give help оказывать помощь; give the alert объявлять тревогу; give a warning делать предупреждение; give advice советовать, давать совет; give a suggestion предлагать, выдвигать предложение; give a promise (one's word, one's pledge, etc.) давать обещание и т. д.; give shelter давать /предоставлять/ убежище; give a volley дать залп; the gun gave a loud report раздался громкий ружейный выстрел; give offence обижать, наносить обиду; give battle давать бой; give a chance (an opportunity, power, etc.) предоставлять /давать/ возможность и т. д.
    4. IV
    give smth. somewhere
    1) give back the books you borrowed (my pen, my newspaper, etc.) возвращать книги, которые вы взяли и т. д.; give smth. in some manner give money generously (grudgingly, freely, etc.) щедро и т. д. давать деньги; regularly give presents регулярно делать подарки
    2) give smth. at some time give a message immediately немедленно передать записку
    3) give smth. at some time give profit (10 per cent, etc.) regularly (annually, etc.) регулярно и т. д. приносить прибыль и т. д.
    4) give smth. in some manner give an extract in full (at length, in detail, etc.) приводить отрывок полностью и т. д.
    5) semiaux give smth. in some manner give aid willingly охотно оказывать помощь; give one's answers loudly (distinctly, etc.) давать ответы /отвечать/ громко и т. д.
    5. V
    1) give smb. smth. give me your pencil (him this book, her your hand, me a match, the child a glass of milk, the boy his medicine, etc.) дайте мне ваш карандаш и т. д., give smb. a present сделать кому-л. подарок; give him watch (her a ring, etc.) подарить ему часы и т. д.; give her a bunch of flowers преподнести ей букет цветов; what has he given you? что он вам подарил /преподнес/?; give him a letter from his mother (her a note from me, etc.) передавать ему письмо от матери и т. д.; give an actor a role (him a job, etc.) предлагать /давать/ актеру роль и т. д.; give smb. the place of honour отвести кому-л. почетное место; give me long distance дайте мне междугородную; I give you my word (my promise, my consent, etc.) 'даю вам слово и т. д.; give smb. smth. for smth. give smb. a watch for a present преподнести кому-л. часы в качестве подарка; give women equal pay with men for their work оплачивать труд женщин наравне с трудом мужчин; give smb. smth. in smth. give them parts in his new play распределять между ними роли в его новой пьесе; give smb. smb. she gave him a beautiful baby boy она родила ему прекрасного мальчика
    2) give smb. smth. give him the message (me the letter, etc.) передавать ему записку и т. д.; give smb. one's love (one's compliments, one's kind regards, etc.) передавать кому-л. привет и т. д.; give him my thanks передайте ему мою благодарность; I give you my very best wishes желаю вам всего самого лучшего
    3) give smb. smth. give smb. an illness (measles, a sore throat, etc.) заразить кого-л. какой-л. болезнью и т. д.; you've given me your cold вы заразили меня насморком, я от вас заразился насморком
    4) give smb., smth. smth. give us warmth and light (us fruit, people meat, us milk, us wool and leather, etc.) давать нам тепло и свет и т. д.; give men pleasure (him joy, the children enjoyment, her satisfaction, etc.) доставлять людям удовольствие и т. д.; give smb. [much] pain (much trouble, sorrow, etc.) причинять кому-л. боль и т. д.; too much noise gives me a headache от сильного шума у меня начинается головная боль; give smb. courage (me patience, him strength, her more self-confidence, etc.) придавать кому-л. мужество и т. д.; that gave me the idea of travelling это навело меня на мысль о путешествии; give smth. flavour придавать чему-л. вкус
    5) give smb. smth. give the commission an account of his trip (us a good description of the man, him wrong information, him good proof, etc.) давать комиссии отчет /отчитываться перед комиссией/ о своей поездке и т. д.; give me your opinion сообщите мне свое мнение; give us human nature truthfully (the reader a true picture of his age, etc.) описать /воссоздать/ для нас подлинную картину человеческой природы и т. д.
    6) give smb. smth. give the child a name дать ребенку имя; give smth. smth. give the book a strange title дать книге странное заглавие /название/; this town gave the battle its name эта битва получила название по городу, близ которого она произошла
    7) give smb. smth. give smb. lessons (music lessons, lessons in French, consultations, instruction, etc.) давать кому-л. уроки и т. д., give smb. a concerto (a play, etc.) исполнить для кого-л. концерт и т. д.; give us Bach (us another song, etc.) исполните нам /для нас/ Баха и т. д.; who will give us a song? кто вам споет? || give smb. an example служить кому-л. примером; give the other boys an example подавать другим мальчикам пример
    8) give smb. smth. give smb. good morning (him good day, us good evening, etc.) пожелать кому-л. доброго утра и т. д., give smb. one's blessing благословлять кого-л.; give smb. smth., smb. give them our country (our host, the Governor, etc.) предложить им выпить за нашу страну и т. д.
    9) give smb. smth. give smb. six months' imprisonment (five years, two years of hard labour, etc.) приговорить кого-л. к пяти месяцам тюремного заключения и т. д.
    10) semiaux give smb., smth. smth. give smb. a look (a fleeting glance, etc.) бросить на кого-л. взгляд и т. д.; give smb. a smile улыбнуться кому-л.; give smb. a kiss поцеловать кого-л.; give smb. a blow нанести кому-л. удар, стукнуть кого-л.; give smb. a push толкнуть кого-л.; give smb. a kick лягнуть, ударить кого-л. ногой; give smb. a nod кивнуть кому-л. [головой]; give smb. a beating избить /поколотить/ кого-л.; give one's hat a brush почистить шляпу; give a blackboard a wipe стереть с доски; give smb.'s hand a squeeze сжать или пожать кому-л. руку; give them our support (him help, him a hand, them every assistance, etc.) оказать им поддержку и т. д.; give the matter every care внимательно отнестись к вопросу; give smb. a warning предупреждать кого-л.; give smb. an order (instructions, etc.) отдать кому-л. приказ и т. д.; give smb. an answer /а reply/ давать кому-л. ответ, отвечать кому-л.; my old coat gives me good service мое старое пальто все еще служит мне; give me a chance (him another opportunity, etc.) предоставьте мне возможность и т. д.
    6. VII
    1) give smth. to do smth. give a signal to start (notice to leave, etc.) давать сигнал к отправлению и т. д.; give a push to open the door толкнуть дверь, чтобы она открылась; give a lot to know it (anything to know what happened, the world to have it, the world to secure such a thing, etc.) многое отдать, чтобы узнать это и т. д. || give smb. to understand дать кому-л. понять
    2) give smb. smth. to do give him a book to read (me something to eat, her a glass of water to drink, him the right to complain, him a week to make up his mind, us an hour to get there, myself time to think it over, etc.) дать ему прочесть книгу и т. д.; give a porter one's bags to carry (a groom one's horse to hold, etc.) попросить носильщика отнести вещи и т. д.; give him a letter to mail дать /велеть/ ему отправить письмо; give her a message to deliver дать ей записку для передачи
    7. XI
    1) be given smth. he was given a job (quarters, a rest, etc.) ему дали /предложили/ работу и т. д., he was given a book (a watch, L 50, a ring, etc.) ему подарили книгу и т. д.; be given to smb., smth. a book (a watch, etc.) was given to him ему подарили книгу и т. д., he was given a contract с ним заключили контракт; be given in some manner our services are given free of charge мы оказываем услуги бесплатно; invitations are given gratuitously (periodically, willingly, etc.) приглашения рассылаются бесплатно и т. д., be given somewhere articles (books, etc.) must be given back статьи и т. д. должны быть возвращены
    2) be given to smb. of all the books that have been given to the public on the problem из всех выпущенных по данному вопросу книг
    3) || semiaux I was given to understand that... мне дали понять, что...
    4) be given to smth. be given to idleness (to luxury and pleasure, to drink, to these pursuits, etc.) иметь склонность к безделью и т. д., he is much given to music он увлекается музыкой; be given in so me manner I am not given that way у меня не такой склад /характер/; be given to doing smth. be given to drinking (to day-dreaming, to lying, to contradicting, to swearing, to shooting and hunting, etc.) любить выпить, иметь пристрастие к выпивке и т. д.; he is given to stealing он нечист на руку; he is given to boasting он хвастлив || semiaux (not) be given to smb. to do smth. it is not given to him to understand it (to appreciate beauty, to express his thoughts eloquently, to become famous, etc.) ему не дано понять это и т. д.
    5) be given somewhere the figures (the data, the results, etc.) are given below ( above) цифры и т. д. приведены ниже (выше); as given below (above) как показано /сказано/ ниже (выше); the word (this phrase, etc.) is not given in the dictionary словарь не дает /не приводит/ этого слова и т. д., be given in some manner the prices are given separately цены даются отдельно; this is given as a hypothesis это приводится в виде гипотезы
    6) be given smth. he was given the name of John его назвали Джоном; be given in some manner the subtitle is given rather grandiloquently дан очень пышный подзаголовок
    7) be given at some place the opera (the play, etc.) was first given in Paris (on this stage, etc.) эта опера и т. д. была впервые поставлена в Париже и т. д.; be given at some time the play is to be given again next month пьеса вновь пойдет /пьесу снова покажут/ в следующем месяце
    8) be given smth. be given six years' imprisonment (a severe punishment, a stiff sentence, a reprieve, etc.) получить шесть лет тюрьмы и т. д.; be given for (against) smb. the decision (the judg(e)ment, etc.) was given for (against) the defendant ( the plaintiff, etc.) решение и т. д. было вынесено в пользу (против) обвиняемого и т. д.
    8. XVI
    1) give to /for/ smth., smb. give to the Red Cross (to charity, to the poor, for the relief of the victims of the flood, etc.) жертвовать [средства] в пользу Красного Креста и т. д.
    2) give under smth. the fence (the beam, etc.) may give under the weight забор и т. д. может рухнуть под такой тяжестью; the earth /the soil/ (the marshy ground, etc.) gave under the vehicle под тяжестью машины почва и т. д. осела; the step gave under his feet ступенька сломалась у него под ногами; the lock gave under hard pushing мы напирали на дверь, пока замок не сломался; give on smth. we can't negotiate until each side is willing to give on some points успешные переговоры невозможны [до тех пор], пока каждая сторона не пойдет на определенные уступки
    3) give (up)on (into, onto) smth. the window ( the door, the gate, etc.) gives (up)on the street (on the garden, on the side street, into /on(to)/ the yard, on the sea, etc.) окно и т. д. выходит на улицу и т. д., the road gave onto the highway дорога выходила на шоссе
    9. XVIII
    give oneself to smth. give oneself to mathematics (to study, to science, etc.) посвятить себя математике и т. д.; give oneself to thought (to meditation, to prayer, etc.) предаваться размышлениям и т. д.; the invaders gave themselves to plunder захватчики занимались грабежом
    10. XXI1
    1) give smth. to smb., smth. give a book to each of the boys (food to the hungry, medicine to a patient, money to a beggar, etc.) давать каждому мальчику по книге и т. д.; money to the Red Cross (all his books to the library, his collection to the college, etc.) передать /( пожертвовать/ деньги Красному Кресту и т.
    ; give one's hand to the visitor подать / пожать, протянуть/ руку посетителю; give a part to an actor дать актеру роль; give place to the old woman (to new methods, etc.) уступить место пожилой женщине и т. д.; give her face to the sun подставить лицо солнцу; give smth. for smb., smth. give his life for his friends (for his country, for a cause, etc.) отдать свою жизнь за друзей и т. д.; give smth. to smth., smb. give (no) thought to it (не) задумываться над этим; give [one's] attention to smb. оказывать кому-л. внимание; give credit to smth. прислушиваться к чему-л.; give credit to the report доверять сообщению || give one's ear to smb., smth. прислушиваться к кому-л., чему-л.; give ear to the rumour прислушиваться к тому, что говорят; give one's daughter in marriage выдавать /отдавать/ дочь замуж
    2) give smth. to smb. give the command of the regiment to him поручить ему командование полком; give my love /my kind regards, my compliments/ to her (to your family, etc.) передавать ей и т. д. привет; give smb., smth. into smb., smth. give the children into smb.'s hands (into smb.'s care, into smb.'s charge, etc.) передавать детей в чьи-л. руки и т. д., поручать детей кому-л. и т. д., give the thief into the hands of the police передать вора в руки полиции; give the prisoner into custody отдать заключенного под стражу
    3) give smth. to smth., smb. give perfume to the linen (an edge to the appetite, brilliance to the thing, etc.) придавать белью аромат и т. д.; give a disease to smb. (a cold to the boy, measles to a whole school, etc.) заразить кого-л. какой-л. болезнью и т. д.; give motion to the wheel привести колесо в движение; give currency to smth. пускать что-л. в обращение; give currency to rumours распускать слухи; his novel gave currency to this phrase после выхода в свет его романа это выражение стало крылатым; give rise to smth. породить /вызвать/ что-л.; his behaviour gave rise to rumours его поведение дало повод разговорам
    4) give smth. for smth. give five pounds for the hat (as much as L 3 for this book, a good price for the car, etc.) (заплатать пять фунтов за шляпу и т. д.; how much /what/ did you give for that? сколько вы за это заплатили?; give prizes /premiums/ for the best exhibits выдавать призы за лучшие экспонаты; give smth. to smb. give good wages to the workers хорошо платить рабочим
    5) give smth. to smth., smb. give one's free time to golf (one's mind to scientific research, one's attention to study, one's heart to art, one's energy to political affairs, one's love to her, etc.) отдавать все свое свободное время игре в гольф и т. д.; give one's life to science (to the cause of peace, to study, to one's duty, etc.) отдать /посвятить/ свой жизнь науке и т. д.
    6) give smth. with smth. give the story with many unnecessary particulars (a description with many side remarks, evidence with no trace of bias, etc.) рассказать эту историю со многими ненужными подробностями и т. д.; give the scenery with great fidelity описывать /воспроизводить/ пейзаж с большой точностью; give smth. for smth. give his reasons for his absence (for the delay, for her lateness, etc.) объяснять свое отсутствие и т. д.
    7) give smth. at smth. the bulletin gives the population of the country at 90 millions (the average number of attempts at 3, the number of instances at 8, etc.) в бюллетене указывается, что население этой страны ранки девяноста миллионам и т. д.; give smth. in smth. give 30° in the shade (in the sun) показывать /регистрировать/ тридцать градусов в тени (на солнце)
    8) give smth. to smth. the city gave its name to the battle эта ботва получила название по городу, близ которого она произошла; the largest city gave its name to the province эта область названа по самому большому городу
    9) give smth. for smb. give a dinner (a party, etc.) for 20 guests давать обед и т. д. на двадцать человек /персон/
    10) give smth. to smb. give instruction to a class of adults (lessons to children, interviews to journalists, etc.) давать уроки группе взрослых и т. д., give a talk to the recruits провести беседу с новобранцами
    11) give smth. to smb. give three hearty cheers to the winners встречать победителей троекратным "ура"
    12) || give way to smth., smb. отступать перед чем-л., кем-л.; give way to а саг (to traffic coming in from the right, to the man, etc.) пропускать автомобиль и т. д., давать дорогу автомобилю и т. д.; give way to despair впасть в отчаяние; give way to temptation (to grief, etc.) поддаться соблазну и т. д.; give way to emotions уступить чувствам, быть не в состоянии справиться со своими чувствами; give way to tears не сдержать слезы, расплакаться; give way to his whims (to him, to these impudent demands, etc.) уступать его капризам и т. д., give way to anger не сдержать гнева, дать волю гневу; give place to smth., smb. отступать перед чем-л., кем-л.; spring gave place to summer на смену весне пришло лето
    13) semiaux give smth., to smb., smth. give a blow to smb. нанести кому-л. удар; give a signal to the guard подавать сигнал часовому; give a turn to a key in the lock повернуть ключ в замке; give help to the needy оказывать помощь нуждающимся; give an order to the servants (a command to the soldiers. etc.) отдать распоряжение слугам и т. д.; give an answer to the man ответить этому человеку; give encouragement to the boy ободрить /подбодрить/ мальчика; give chase to a ship [начать] преследовать корабль
    11. XXIV1
    give smth. as smth. give a book (a jack-knife, etc.) as a present давать книгу и т. д. в качестве подарка, дарить книгу и т. д., give smth. as a keepsake дарить что-л. на память

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > give

См. также в других словарях:

  • Work-life balance — The expression work life balance was first used in the late 1970s to describe the balance between an individual s work and personal life. (New Ways to Work and the Working Mother s Association in the United Kingdom). In the United States, this… …   Wikipedia

  • Her Majesty's Civil Service — United Kingdom This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the United Kingdom …   Wikipedia

  • There Will Be Blood — Theatrical release poster Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Produced by …   Wikipedia

  • List of Are You Being Served? episodes — The following is a list of episodes for the British sitcom Are You Being Served? that aired from 1972 to 1985. All episodes were 30 minutes long. There was a film in 1977, also entitled Are You Being Served?. While all episodes were in colour,… …   Wikipedia

  • On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film) — On Her Majesty s Secret Service On Her Majest …   Wikipedia

  • Which Star Are You From — Infobox Television show name = Which Star Are You From caption = genre = Drama creator = developer = presenter = starring = Kim Rae won Jung Ryo won voices = narrated = theme music composer = opentheme = endtheme = country = KOR language = Korean …   Wikipedia

  • The Commies Are Coming, the Commies Are Coming — Infobox Film name = The Commies are Coming, the Commies are Coming director = George Waggner producer = William L. Hendricks Jack Webb writer = Vincent Fotre starring = Jack Kelly Jeanne Cooper music = Howard Jackson William Lava cinematography …   Wikipedia

  • Feminist philosophy (french) — French feminist philosophy De Beauvoir, Kristeva, Irigaray, Le Doeuff, Cixous Alison Ainley INTRODUCTION Although women have been active philosophers for many centuries,1 the development of a specifically feminist viewpoint in the context of… …   History of philosophy

  • Social work with groups — Social Work with GroupsThe group process contains the secret of collective life, it is the key to democracy, it is the master lesson for every individual to learn, it is our chief hope for the political, the social, the international life of the… …   Wikipedia

  • Love is a Many Splendored Thing (TV series) — infobox television show name = Love is a Many Splendored Thing format = Soap opera runtime = 30 Minutes creator = Irna Phillips starring = Donna Mills Leslie Charleson David Birney Judson Laire Andrea Marcovicci Vincent Baggetta Beverlee McKinsey …   Wikipedia

  • Number Six (Battlestar Galactica) — Number Six Battlestar Galactica character Promotional still of Number Six in season four First appearance …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»